Relacje wzajemne władz centralnych i samorządowych w Japonii ujmowane są najczęściej według dwu schematów: modelu „wertykalnej kontroli” Tsuji Kiyoakiego oraz modelu 
„wzajemnej współzależności ogniw władzy” Muramatsu Michio. Pierwszy model wskazuje na ścisłe podporządkowanie się organom władzy centralnej jednostek administracji
lokalnej. Drugi model przypisuje władzom lokalnym nieco szerszy margines swobody podkreślając, że pomimo centralnie ustalanych planów i równie centralnie rozdzielanych
na ten cel funduszy, ostatecznie jednak władze lokalne samodzielnie podejmują decyzje polegające na wyborze konkretnych projektów rządowych. W rzeczywistości relacje te wydają się jednak dużo bardziej skomplikowane. Do ichanalizy w niniejszej pracy wybrano przypadek prefektury Okinawa, koncentrując sięszczególnie na procesie powstania i negocjacji dalekosiężnego „Programu autonomicznej modernizacji” Okinawy (Kokusai toshi keisei kōsō) w latach 90. XX w. z perspektywy wewnętrznych relacji i politycznego procesu decyzyjnego w administracji państwowej w Japonii. 

Contents
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 7
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 1. Japanese Political Actors and Institutions ................................................... 25
1. The Emperor and the Diet ............................................................................ 26
2. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet ........................................................... 30
3. Political Parties ............................................................................................... 33
4. Civil Service .................................................................................................... 39
5. Interest Groups .............................................................................................. 43
6. Local Governments ........................................................................................ 47
7. Mass Media ..................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 2. Okinawa in the Japanese System of Decision Making ............................. 56
1. Policy Making Patterns ................................................................................ 59
2. Procedures of Policy Making ...................................................................... 62
3. Budgetary Process ........................................................................................ 65
4. Regional Development Policy for Okinawa .............................................. 70
5. Outlines of Okinawa Prefecture ................................................................. 74
CHAPTER 3. The Project for Return of the Military Bases: Local Initiative and the
Prime Minister-led Policy Pattern ................................................................ 83
1. Policy Change under the New Progressive Governor Ōta ..................... 85
2. The Rationale for the Local Policy .............................................................. 88
3. The First Reorganization of the Prefectural Office ................................... 91
4. The Rape Incident and the Proxy Refusal by the Governor .................... 93
5. The Second Reorganization of the Prefectural Office .............................. 97
CHAPTER 4. The Deregulation Project: The Politicians-led Policy Pattern .................. 103
1. The New Cabinet of Hashimoto and his Okinawa Policy ....................... 103
2. Policy Process of the Deregulation Project in the Prefecture .................. 107
3. The Ministerial Evaluation of the Deregulation Project .......................... 111
4. Negotiations on the Tokyo-Naha Airfare Reduction ............................... 113
5. The Clash of the Ministries and the LDP over the Airfare Reduction ... 115
CHAPTER 5. The Modernization Projects: The Corporatist Pattern of Policy Making ...... 120
1. Public Commitment of the Prime Minister to Okinawa Development . 121
2. The Proxy Compliance by Governor Ōta .................................................. 125
6
3. The Third Reorganization of the Prefectural Office ................................. 126
4. The Corporatist Arrangements for the Modernization Projects ............. 130
5. Negotiations on the Allocation of the Special Adjustment Fund ........... 134
CHAPTER 6. The All-Okinawa FTZ Plan in the Prefecture: The Pluralist Pattern of
Policy Making .................................................................................................. 141
1. The Inter-Party Agreements on the Okinawa Development .................. 142
2. Negotiations on the Revision of the Special Law on Land for the U.S.
Military Use .................................................................................................. 144
3. The Tanaka Report on the FTZ Measures ................................................. 148
4. Public Debate on the FTZ in the Prefecture .............................................. 151
5. The FTZ and the Idea of Autonomy (jiritsu) ............................................. 155
CHAPTER 7. The FTZ Plan in Tokyo: The Zoku Politicians-led Policy Pattern ........... 159
1. The Conflict within the Prefectural Governing Coalition ....................... 160
2. The Second Public Commitment of the Prime Minister to Okinawa
Development ................................................................................................ 161
3. The Electoral Upheavals in Nago City ....................................................... 166
4. The Influence of the LDP Institutions on the Local Policy ...................... 169
5. The Postponing Strategy of the Ruling Party ........................................... 180
CHAPTER 8. The Okinawa Development Plan for the 21st Century: The Bureaucracy-led Policy Pattern .................................................................................. 183
1. New Prime Minister Obuchi and his Okinawa Policy ............................. 184
2. Change of the Prefectural Policy under the New Conservative Governor ............................................................................................................... 187
3. The Quid Pro Quo Agreement on the Relocation of the Military
Bases ............................................................................................................... 191
4. National Policy Making of the Local Policy .............................................. 192
5. Local Participation in the National Policy Making Process .................... 195
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 200
Appendixes ............................................................................................................................ 211
References ............................................................................................................................. 231
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 256
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... 257
Zmieniające się modele polityki w Japonii. Lokalne inicjatywy polityczne
w Prefekturze Okinawy w latach 90. XX wieku (Streszczenie) .................................... 258

The processes of globalization and of regional integration have intensified since the end of the Cold War (Hurrell 1998: 53-38). In East Asia,1 they manifested themselves in various forms of macro-level intergovernmental arrangements,2 as well as in micro-level economic zones. The latter embraces parts of sub-national regions across borders.3 The processes also stimulated interest in local tradition, customs, and language, leading further to a revival of local and ethnic identities that were previously often ignored or stigmatized as “parochial.”